shubhottamclinic.com

Jaundice

Jaundice is a medical condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and the whites of the eyes due to an increased level of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. Here’s a detailed overview:

Causes:

  • Pre-Hepatic (Hemolytic) Jaundice:

    • Caused by excessive breakdown of red blood cells, leading to increased production of bilirubin.
    • Conditions include hemolytic anemias, sickle cell disease, thalassemia, and certain infections.
  • Hepatic (Hepatocellular) Jaundice:

    • Caused by liver dysfunction or damage, impairing the liver’s ability to process bilirubin.
    • Conditions include hepatitis (viral, alcoholic, autoimmune), liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and genetic disorders like Gilbert’s syndrome.
  • Post-Hepatic (Obstructive) Jaundice:

    • Caused by blockages in the bile ducts, preventing bilirubin from being excreted into the intestines.
    • Conditions include gallstones, tumors, strictures, and pancreatic cancer.

Symptoms:

  • Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes.
  • Dark urine (bilirubin excreted through the kidneys).
  • Pale or clay-colored stools (lack of bilirubin in the intestines).
  • Itching (pruritus).
  • Fatigue.
  • Abdominal pain (especially if caused by gallstones or liver disease).
  • Nausea and vomiting.

Diagnosis:

  • Medical History and Physical Examination:

    • To identify risk factors, symptoms, and physical signs of jaundice.
  • Blood Tests:

    • Bilirubin Levels: To measure total, direct (conjugated), and indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin.
    • Liver Function Tests (LFTs): To assess the overall health of the liver.
    • Complete Blood Count (CBC): To check for signs of hemolysis or infection.
    • Viral Hepatitis Panel: To test for hepatitis A, B, and C infections.
  • Imaging Studies:

    • Ultrasound: To visualize the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts.
    • CT Scan or MRI: To provide detailed images of the liver and biliary system.
    • ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography): To diagnose and sometimes treat conditions affecting the bile ducts.
  • Liver Biopsy:

    • To obtain a tissue sample for microscopic examination, if liver disease is suspected.

Treatment:

  • Treating the Underlying Cause:

    • Hemolytic Jaundice: Treat the underlying hemolytic disorder.
    • Hepatic Jaundice: Address liver disease with medications, lifestyle changes, or, in severe cases, liver transplantation.
    • Obstructive Jaundice: Remove blockages through surgical or endoscopic procedures.
  • Supportive Care:

    • Hydration: Ensuring adequate fluid intake.
    • Nutrition: Maintaining a balanced diet to support liver health.
    • Medications: To manage symptoms like itching

Prevention:

  • Vaccination: Against hepatitis A and B.
  • Avoiding Alcohol: Or consuming it in moderation to prevent liver damage.
  • Safe Practices: To avoid exposure to bloodborne viruses (e.g., using clean needles, safe sex).
  • Healthy Diet and Exercise: To maintain liver health.
  • Regular Check-Ups: Especially if there is a family history of liver disease or other risk factors.

Early detection and treatment of the underlying cause of jaundice are crucial to prevent complications and ensure better health outcomes.

shubhottamclinic.com